虎座鸟架鼓，2002年出土于湖北枣阳九连墩2号墓。通高135.9厘米，宽134厘米，由两只昂首卷尾、四肢屈伏、背向踞坐的卧虎为底座，虎背上各立有一只长腿昂首、引吭高歌的凤鸟组成。背向而立的凤鸟中间，一面大鼓，悬挂在凤冠之上。两只小兽，后足蹬在凤鸟背脊，前足托住鼓腔。器身通体涂黑漆，运用红、黄色彩绘，彰显了楚文化的浪漫与神奇。它是目前发现的最大的虎座鸟架鼓之一，也是楚文化最具代表性漆器文物。它外层所涂漆料至今还未研究出来到底是什么。
The Tiger-Seated Bird-Stand Drum was unearthed in 2002 from Tomb No. 2 at Jiulian Dun in Zaoyang, Hubei province. It stands at a height of 135.9 centimeters and is 134 centimeters wide. The base of the drum features two reclining tigers with raised heads, coiled tails, and limbs resting on their bellies. Standing on the backs of the tigers are phoenix-like birds, each with long legs, raised head and singing loudly. In the middle, between the facing phoenix-like birds, hangs a large drum supported by their crowns. Two small animals have their hind legs planted on the backs of the phoenix-like birds while their front legs hold the drum cavity. The entire surface of the artifact is coated with black lacquer and decorated with red and yellow pigments, showcasing the romantic and mystical aspects of Chu culture. It is one of the largest Tiger-Seated Bird-Stand Drums discovered to date and is considered one of the most representative lacquerware artifacts of Chu culture. The composition of the outer layer of lacquer used on the artifact has yet to be studied and identified.
引申知识 Extended knowledges:
1.虎座鸟架鼓的来源 The Origin of the Tiger-Seated Bird-Stand Drum战国晚期漆木虎座鸟架鼓作为一种可“悬而击之”的鼓，虎座鸟架鼓具有乐器功能，它神秘的造型更具象征意义。一种观点以图腾崇拜为视角，楚人尚凤，凤鸟的装饰性造型在楚国出土器物中比比皆是，巴人崇虎，楚巴各自以凤和虎作为自己部落的图腾。在凤与虎的组合形象中，凤鸟挺拔，虎矮小蜷缩趴伏于地，凤足踏猛虎。根据史料记载，春秋战国时期，楚人和巴人连年征战，凤踏猛虎似乎可以理解为对楚人与巴人关系的象征。The lacquered wooden Tiger-Seated Bird-Stand Drum from the late Warring States period is a drum that can be "suspended and struck." It not only functions as a musical instrument but also carries profound symbolic meaning due to its mysterious design. One viewpoint takes the perspective of totem worship. The Chu people revered the phoenix, and phoenix-like decorative motifs are widely found in Chu artifacts. The Ba people revered the tiger, and both the phoenix and tiger served as totems for their respective tribes. In the combined image of the phoenix and tiger, the phoenix stands tall while the tiger crouches low on the ground, with the phoenix's feet stepping on the fierce tiger. According to historical records, during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the Chu and Ba people engaged in continuous warfare. The image of the phoenix treading on the tiger seems to symbolize the relationship between the Chu and Ba people.另一种解释以楚俗为视角，将楚人信鬼好祠的习俗与虎座鸟架鼓的象征意义相联系，楚人尚凤，凤鸟象征吉祥长寿，可以沟通天国和人间，虎座鸟架鼓应属礼仪之器——灵鼓，具有沟通人神、求福免灾的作用。Another interpretation takes the perspective of Chu customs, connecting the Chu people's belief in spirits and ancestral worship with the symbolic meaning of the Tiger-Seated Bird-Stand Drum. As the Chu people revered the phoenix, which symbolizes auspiciousness and longevity and is believed to bridge the gap between heaven and earth, the Tiger-Seated Bird-Stand Drum should be considered a ceremonial instrument—a spiritual drum—with the function of communicating between humans and deities and seeking blessings and protection from disasters.不同的观点为这件兼具音乐性与审美价值的艺术品提供了广阔的视角，反映了楚人的聪明勤劳以及丰富的想象力，为后世人们带来无尽的灵感、启示与思考。Different viewpoints provide a broad perspective for this artwork that combines musicality and aesthetic value, reflecting the intelligence, diligence, and rich imagination of the Chu people, and bringing endless inspiration, enlightenment, and contemplation to future generations.
2.楚人的凤文化The Chu People's Phoenix Culture楚人崇凤，把凤作为氏族图腾，凤文化是深入到楚人骨子里的。我们从楚人祖先的来历就可看出。伟大的爱国诗人屈原在《离骚》第一句就说他是“帝高阳之苗裔兮”，说明楚人的先祖是高阳氏，高阳氏何许人也?就是帝颛顼。颛顼死后葬于汉水边，他的九个嫔妃即九凤死后和颛顼同葬一地，九凤化为九只凤鸟。这就是楚人崇凤的缘由，也是九头鸟的源头。据说楚的先人祝融也是凤鸟的化身。《白虎通、玉竹篇》说祝融“其精为鸟，离为鸾。”鸾便是凤。楚人崇凤是和崇拜祖先有关。The Chu people revered the phoenix and considered it their clan totem. The culture of the phoenix was deeply ingrained in the Chu people. We can see this from the origins of the Chu people's ancestors. Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, stated in the first line of his poem "Li Sao" that he is "the descendant of the High Yang clan," indicating that the Chu people's ancestors belonged to the High Yang clan. Who were the High Yang clan? They were descendants of Emperor Zhuanxu. After Emperor Zhuanxu's death, he was buried by the Han River, and his nine concubines, known as the Nine Phoenixes, were buried alongside him. The nine phoenixes transformed into nine phoenix birds. This is the reason for the Chu people's reverence for the phoenix and the origin of the Nine-Headed Bird. It is said that Chu's ancestor, Zhurong, was also an incarnation of the phoenix. The "Bai Hu Tong, Yu Zhu Pian" states that Zhurong's spirit was manifested as a bird, and the Luan bird is the phoenix. The Chu people's reverence for the phoenix is related to the worship of ancestors.楚人还喜欢以凤喻人，传说楚庄王刚即位时，不问政事，大臣伍举曾问“有鸟在阜，三年不蜚不鸣，是何鸟也？”庄王答曰：“三年不蜚，蜚必冲天；三年不鸣，鸣必惊人。”屈原在《离骚》中也多次赞美凤凰，他吟诵道：“吾令凤鸟飞腾兮，继之以日夜”，“凤凰翼其承旗兮，高翱翔之翼翼。”凤鸟是一种神鸟，是祥瑞之鸟，雄的叫凤，雌的叫凰。《山海经、南山经》中说：”有鸟焉，其状如鸡，五彩而文，名曰凤凰——自歌自舞，见则天下安宁。”《说文》对凤解释说：“神鸟也---出于东方君子之国，见者天下大安宁。”因此，凡是天下祥和安宁之时，必有凤凰出现，此事件在历史上多有记载。The Chu people also liked to use the phoenix as a metaphor for people. Legend has it that when King Cheng of Chu ascended to the throne, without concerning himself with state affairs, the minister Wu Ju asked, "There is a bird on the mound, not flying or chirping for three years. What kind of bird is it?" King Cheng replied, "If it doesn't fly for three years, when it does fly, it will soar to the sky; if it doesn't chirp for three years, when it does chirp, it will astonish people." Qu Yuan also praised the phoenix multiple times in "Li Sao." He wrote, "I commanded the phoenix to fly and soar, following it day and night," "The phoenix with its wings carries the flag, soaring high and gracefully." The phoenix is a divine bird, an auspicious bird. The male is called Feng, and the female is called Huang. In "Shan Hai Jing, Nan Shan Jing," it is said, "There is a bird shaped like a chicken, with colorful feathers and patterns, called the phoenix—singing and dancing on its own, its appearance brings peace to the world." The "Shuo Wen" explains the phoenix as "a divine bird that comes from the country of gentlemen in the east, and its appearance brings peace to the world." Therefore, whenever there is harmony and peace in the world, the phoenix will appear, and this has been recorded in history on numerous occasions.
3.楚人的色彩美学 The Color Aesthetics of the Chu People. 楚国人非常喜欢赤色，不管是在什么地方，他们常用的代表富贵的色彩永远都是赤色的。当然凤的色彩也都是以赤色装饰。各地楚墓出土的大多是黑底朱彩漆器，这就是最好的例证。从运用色彩的技巧上可以推断出，楚国人内心的优越性让他们在表达情感的时候喜欢强烈的色彩搭配，红色与黑色，在装饰性上是强对比色彩，浓重而热烈，正代表楚国人的一种精神境界和追求高度，进一步证明楚国人的灵魂里永远有着不屈强势的性格特点，在心理学的分析中，这种色彩也重复强调着民族激情的前意识与自我意识。所以在凤鸟崇拜的同时，色彩红与黑的对比更加强了这种霸权意识，突出了个性鲜明的性格特点，表达楚国人重视自我意识，强化区域文化的个性。The people of Chu had a strong preference for the color red. Regardless of the occasion, the color that represented wealth and prosperity for them was always red. Of course, the phoenix, being associated with Chu, was also adorned in shades of red. Most of the lacquerware excavated from Chu tombs had a black background with vermilion color, which serves as the best evidence. From their use of colors, we can infer that the Chu people's sense of superiority led them to prefer strong color combinations when expressing their emotions. Red and black, as contrasting colors in terms of decoration, were intense and passionate. They represented a spiritual realm and a pursuit of excellence that further demonstrated the unwavering and dominant characteristics ingrained in the souls of the Chu people. In psychological analysis, these colors emphasized the preconsciousness and self-awareness of national passion. Therefore, while worshiping the phoenix, the contrast between the colors red and black strengthened this sense of hegemony, highlighting the distinctive personality traits and expressing the Chu people's emphasis on self-awareness and the reinforcement of regional cultural individuality.
资料来源 Reference：
1. 湖北省博物馆 (hbww.org.cn)
2. 虎座凤鸟漆木架鼓·战国（楚）·湖北省博物馆 (baidu.com)3. 虎座鸟架鼓简介 虎座鸟架鼓的故事 虎座鸟架鼓历史价值→MAIGOO百科
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